Timeline of Major US Public Land Laws and Acts

Beginning with the Congressional Act of 16 September 1776 and the Land Ordinance of 1785, a wide variety of Congressional acts governed the distribution of federal land in the thirty public land states. Various acts opened up new territories, established the practice of offering land as compensation for military service, and extended preemption rights to squatters. These acts each resulted in the first transfer of land from the federal government to individuals. This list is not exhaustive, and does not include acts that temporarily extended the provisions of earlier acts, or private acts that were passed for the benefit of individuals. Timeline of U.S. Public Land Acts 16 September 1776: This Congressional Act established guidelines for granting lands of 100 to 500 acres, termed bounty land, for those who enlisted in the Continental Army to fight in the American Revolution. That Congress make provision for granting lands, in the following proportions: to the officers and soldiers who shall so engage in the service, and continue therein to the close of the war, or until discharged by Congress, and to the representatives of such officers and soldiers as shall be slain by the enemy: To a colonel, 500 acres; to a lieutenant colonel, 450; to a major, 400; to a captain, 300; to a lieutenant, 200; to an ensign, 150; each non-commissioned officer and soldier, 100... 20 May 1785: Congress enacted the first law to manage the Public Lands that resulted from the thirteen newly independent states agreeing to relinquish their western land claims and allow the land to become the joint property of all citizens of the new nation. The 1785 Ordinance for the public lands northwest of the Ohio provided for their survey and sale in tracts of no less than 640 acres. This began the cash-entry system for federal lands. Be it ordained by the United States in Congress assembled, that the territory ceded by individual States to the United States, which has been purchased of the Indian inhabitants, shall be disposed of in the following manner... 10 May 1800: The Land Act of 1800, also known as the Harrison Land Act for its author William Henry Harrison, reduced the minimum purchasable unit of land to 320 acres, and also introduced the option of credit sales to encourage land sales. Land purchased under the Harrison Land Act of 1800 could be paid for in four designated payments over a period of four years. The government ultimately ended up expelling thousands of individuals who could not make the repayment of their loans within the set time, and some of this land ended up being resold by the federal government several times before defaults were rescinded by the Land Act of 1820. An act providing for the sale of the land of the United States, in the territory north-west of the Ohio, and above the mouth of the Kentucky river. 3 March 1801: Passage of the 1801 Act was the first of many laws passed by Congress giving preemption or preference rights to settlers in the Northwest Territory who had purchased lands from John Cleves Symmes, a judge of the Territory whose own claims to the lands had been nullified. An Act giving a right of pre-emption to certain persons to certain persons who have contracted with John Cleves Symmes, or his associates, for lands lying between the Miami rivers, in the territory of the United States northwest of the Ohio. 3 March 1807: Congress passed a law granting preemption rights to certain settlers in Michigan Territory, where a number of grants had been made under both prior French and British rule. ...to every person or persons in actual possession, occupancy, and improvement, of any tract or parcel of land in his, her, or their own right, at the time of the passing of this act, within that part of the Territory of Michigan, to which the Indian title has been extinguished, and which said tract or parcel of land was settled, occupied, and improved, by him, her, or them, prior to and on the first day of July, one thousand seven hundred and ninety six...the said tract or parcel of land thus possessed, occupied, and improved, shall be granted, and such occupant or occupants shall be confirmed in the title to the same, as an estate of inheritance, in fee simple... 3 March 1807: The Intrusion Act of 1807 attempted to discourage squatters, or settlements being made on lands ceded to the United States, until authorized by law. The act also authorized the government to forcibly remove squatters from privately-owned land if the owners petitioned the government. Existing squatters on unoccupied land were allowed to claim as tenants of will up to 320 acres if they registered with the local land office by the end of 1807. They also agreed to give quiet possession or abandon the land when the government disposed of it to others. That any person or persons who, before the passing of this act, had taken possession of, occupied, or made a settlement on any lands ceded or secured to the United States...and who at the time of passing this act does or do actually inhabit and reside on such lands, may, at any time prior to the first day of January next, apply to the proper register or recorder...such applicant or applicants to remin on such tract or tracts of land, not exceeding three hundred and twenty acres for each applicant, as tenants at will, on such terms and conditions as shall prevent any waste or damages on such lands... 5 February 1813: The Illinois Preemption Act of 5 February 1813 granted preemption rights to all actual settlers in Illinois. This was the first law enacted by Congress which conveyed blanket preemption rights to all squatters in a speciï ¬ ed region and not simply to certain categories of claimants, taking the unusual step of going against the recommendation of the House Committee on Public Lands, which strongly opposed granting blanket preemption rights on the grounds that doing so would encourage future squatting.1 That every person, or legal representative of every person, who has actually inhabited and cultivated a tract of land lying in either of the districts established for the sale of public lands, in the Illinois territory, which tract is not rightfully claimed by any other person and who shall not have removed from said territory; every such person and his legal representatives shall be entitled to a preference in becoming the purchaser from the United States of such tract of land at private sale... 24 April 1820: The Land Act of 1820, also referred to as the 1820 Sale Act, reduced the price of federal land (at the time this applied to land in the Northwest Territory and Missouri Territory) to $1.25 acre, with a minimum purchase of 80 acres and a down payment of only $100. Further, the act gave squatters the right to preempt these conditions and purchase the land even more cheaply if they had made improvements to the land such as the building of homes, fences, or mills. This act eliminated the practice of credit sales, or the purchase of public land in the United States on credit. That from and after the first day of July next [1820] , all the public lands of the United States, the sale of which is, or may be authorized by law, shall when offered at public sale, to the highest bidder, be offered in half quarter sections [80 acres] ; and when offered at private sale, may be purchased, at the option of the purchaser, either in entire sections [640 acres] , half sections [320 acres] , quarter sections [160 acres] , or half quarter sections [80 acres] ... 4 September 1841: Following several early preemption acts, a permanent preemption law went into effect with the passage of the Preemption Act of 1841. This legislation (see Sections 9–10) permitted an individual to settle and cultivate up to 160 acres of land and to then purchase that land within a specified time after either survey or settlement at $1.25 per acre. This preemption act was repealed in 1891. And be it further enacted, That from and after the passage of this act, every person being the head of a family, or widow, or single man, over the age of twenty-one years, and being a citizen of the United States, or having filed his declaration of intention to become a citizen as required by the naturalization laws, who since the first day of June A.D. eighteen hundred and forty, has made or shall hereafter make a settlement in person on the public lands...is hereby, authorized to enter with the register of the land office for the district in which such land may lie, by legal subdivisions, any number of acres not exceeding one hundred and sixty, or a quarter section of land, to include the residence of such claimant, upon paying to the United States the minimum price of such land... 27 September 1850: The Donation Land Claim Act of 1850, also called the Donation Land Act, provided free land to all white or mixed-blood Native American settlers who arrived in Oregon Territory (the present-day states of Oregon, Idaho, Washington, and part of Wyoming) before December 1, 1855, based on four years of residence and cultivation of the land. The law, which granted 320 acres to unmarried male citizens eighteen or older, and 640 acres to married couples, split equally between them, was one of the first that allowed married women in the United States to hold land under their own name. That there shall be, and hereby is, granted to every white settler or occupant of the public lands, American half-breed Indians included, above the age of eighteen years, being a citizen of the United States....the quantity of one half section, or three hundred and twenty acres of land, if a single man, and if a married man, or if he shall become married within one year from the first day of December, eighteen hundred and fifty, the quantity of one section, or six hundred and forty acres, one half to himself and the other half to his wife, to be held by her in her own right... 3 March 1855: – The Bounty Land Act of 1855 entitled U.S. military veterans or their survivors to receive a warrant or certificate which could then be redeemed in person at any federal land office for 160 acres of federally owned land. This act extended the benefits. The warrant could also be sold or transferred to another individual who could then obtain the land under the same conditions. This act extended the conditions of several smaller bounty land acts passed between 1847 and 1854 to cover more soldiers and sailors, and provide additional acreage. That each of the surviving commissioned and non-commissioned officers, musicians, and privates, whether of regulars, volunteers, rangers, or militia, who were regularly mustered into the service of the United States, and every officer, commissioned and non-commissioned seaman, ordinary seaman, flotilla-man, marine, clerk, and landsman in the navy, in any of the wars in which this country has been engaged since seventeen hundred and ninety, and each of the survivors of the militia, or volunteers, or State troops of any State or Territory, called into military service, and regularly mustered therein, and whose services have been paid by the United States, shall be entitled to receive a certificate or warrant from the Department of the Interior for one hundred and sixty acres of land... 20 May 1862: Probably the best recognized of all land acts in the United States, the Homestead Act was signed into law by President Abraham Lincoln on 20 May 1862. Taking effect on 1 January 1863, the Homestead Act made it possible for any adult male U.S. citizen, or intended citizen, who had never taken up arms against the United States, to gain title to 160 acres of undeveloped land by living on it five years and paying eighteen dollars in fees. Female heads of household were also eligible. African-Americans later become eligible when the 14th Amendment granted them citizenship in 1868. Specific requirements for ownership included building a home, making improvements, and farming the land before they could own it outright. Alternatively, the homesteader could purchase the land for $1.25 per acre after having lived on the land for at least six months. Several previous homestead acts introduced in 1852, 1853, and 1860, failed to be passed into law. That any person who is the head of a family, or who has arrived at the age of twenty-one years, and is a citizen of the United States, or who shall have filed his declaration of intention to become such, as required by the naturalization laws of the United States, and who has never borne arms against the United States Government or given aid or comfort to its enemies, shall, from and after the first January, eighteen hundred and sixty-three, be entitled to enter one quarter section [160 acres] or a less quantity of unappropriated public lands...

Dell Financial Strategy Analysis - 812 Words

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Domestic Robot free essay sample

This essay aims at discussing domestic robots that may change the lives of Hong Kong people within the next 50 years by looking at possible future applications of science. In the bygone day, robots were used in industrial field and mostly not related to people. People rarely think that they would interact with robots. Nowadays, robots are covered in different fields, such as domestic. Domestic robot is a robot used for household chores. In this essay, the first part is a brief introduction of background science and applications of robot. Another part is then focusing the applications possible future impacts on the lives of people living in Hong Kong. The essay will conclude by analyzing whether domestic robot would be an integral part of Hong Kong. Science The domestic robot can do works alike human by understanding the trajectory formation in human reaching movement [1]. In order to reach this goal, the robot consists of components including a movable physical structure, a motor, a sensor system, a power source and a computer [2]. The robot can provide services by different starting. The first one is direct command on the domestic robot by human. Speech and gesture are normal communication channels to instruct the robot [1][3]. Another method to trigger the robot services is the sensation of robot around the environment. The tactile sensor of robot gives information about pressure and contact points. Therefore, collision is prevented and the motion of robot is then reverse [1]. After receiving the signals from the environment or human, the computer interprets the signals to move the robot’s body [2]. The robot can, therefore, work either by their own or by human’s instructions. Application of robots Robot can work as a household assistant. They can perform multifarious tasks at home. Firstly, they can do all the household tasks such as sweeping floor, controlling the technical home infrastructure. Secondly, they can take care of the elderly or the children whenever there is no adult at home. They can provide mobility aid which supports the elderly for walking at home or getting up from chair [1]. They can serve meal to the kids timely to satisfy their stomachs. Moreover, they have the function of communication and social integration. They can, for example, communicate with public and medical facilities or supervise urgent signs and emergency call [1]. With the existence of robots, lots of troublesome household works can be eliminated and less human resources are needed to be consumed. It can also ensure the elderly or children safety when they are at home alone. Potential future impacts Using domestic robots can de facto improve the quality of lives of Hong Kong people. As Hong Kong is an economic-based society, nearly every citizen needs to work for whole day. Time is precious for everybody in Hong Kong. Using robot at home can really make Hong Kong people more convenient and efficient. Assistant robots may save myriads of time of Hong Kong citizen. When Hong Kong people go back home after a hard-working day, having a robot at home can help them to finish their household works without making any efforts. The Robot can do every cleaning work and cook for human. They can enjoy their dinner or watch television without going to do laundry or sweep floor. They can spare less time to do such trivial matters and take rest early to be ready for working hard on next day. It can make the citizen more efficient in this busy city. The ageing problem is becoming more serious in Hong Kong. The main reason is that the birth rate of Hong Kong is the lowest among the world and the life span of the citizen is increasing. It is estimated that the proportion of the elderly in Hong Kong would greatly increase in the following 30 years. In 2003, there are 11. 9% of seniors of the population in Hong Kong which is about 810 thousand people. In 2013, the number would rise to 13. 2%. In 2033, it is expected the percentage of senior would become 27% [4][5], meaning that average 3 young people will be required to take care of an elderly. It would be a physical burden for the young people to take care of their old parents. Therefore, having a robot with the elderly can help them to live independently without guardians’ supervision. The burden on Hong Kong young people can be lightened. Besides, they can give 24-hour monitoring and medical management to the seniors [1]. As a consequence, it can reduce the workload of Hong Kong people as well as ensure the elderly the better quality of life. Conditions about the future impacts The limited space we have and the unwillingness of accepting the robot at home by the seniors may affect the use of robot vitally. Hong Kong is regarded as one of the densest place in population [6]. Most of the Hong Kong citizens live in small flats that are crowded with personal stuffs. If the occupied space of robot is smaller, the greater the demand of robot would be. On the other hand, older adults may concern about the difficulty of learning a new device [7]. They are likely to get used to outmoded things, old habits and straggly technology. Therefore, they may try not to accept such new device assistant robot. Conclusion Using the robot at home is probably beneficial to our busy lives in Hong Kong. They can deal with lots of trivial matters as well as some emergencies. It can minimize our workload and offer all-round monitoring to kids and the elderly at home. In the future, domestic would most probably be important to life in Hong Kong. This conclusion is not only true for Hong Kong, but also true for many busy societies in other parts of the world.

Recipe for Me free essay sample

â€Å"Today,† the theatre arts teacher began, â€Å"you will create a recipe for yourself, listing things about you in specific quantities as your ingredients, like ‘2 cups of smiles’ for example. At least five ingredients must be used, and you must list them on a poster that you’ll decorate, which you will present to the class. This ‘Recipe for Me’ project will help your classmates and me get to know you better and will allow you to work on your presentation skills. The project is due this Friday, but you have today and tomorrow to work on it in class. If you don’t finish, it becomes homework. So, begin!† she exclaimed to the class, full of twelve year olds who would soon spend the entire period trying to come up with the perfect five ingredient combinations that would accurately portray them; I was one of those twelve year olds. To this day, I still have trouble immediately answering the question, â€Å"What makes me, well, me? † Is it my curiosity? Stubbornness, perhaps? An excellent sense of humor? Or even intellectual oomph? Maybe it’s a little of everything under the sun? Well, just as the â€Å"Recipe for Me† project served to give my teacher and classmates a sense of who I was, this essay will give my readers a sense of who I am today. We will write a custom essay sample on Recipe for Me or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page My parents came to America from Vietnam during the war, had to leave their home to start life anew in a country whose language they could barely understand. The academic success that they achieved in Vietnam could open few doors for them in the U.S., but they know that it will be different for me, one who will probably never move to another country, much less another state. Because my doing well in school is so important to my parents, it is, in turn, important to me. I believe my desire to achieve academic success to have been inborn as well as the result of my parents’ encouragement. They’ve always expected me to do my best, and I’ve always been one to please them, perhaps rendering my academic success to be a self fulfilled prophecy. Well, self fulfilled prophecy or not, I do love to learn and have a strong work ethic, the latter of which I attribute to the determination and diligence my parents have put forth to give me the comfortable life that I have as w ell as the chance to go to a reputable university. I wish neither my parents’ efforts nor the opportunities that I am offered to go to waste, and knowing how important academic success is in this world, especially for an aspiring physician, I have vowed to always make the most of my educational opportunities, no matter where I may find them, be they in the forms of classroom experiences, internships, or even events in my daily life. Naturally, Rice would be no exception. Of course, with yin, one has to have yang. There definitely is a fun ¬ loving side to my personality, and that side makes an appearance when I’m with my friends. I work hard, and I deserve to play hard. Nonetheless, I am not the kind of girl who would enter a bar or a nightclub. My idea of pleasure is not comparable to a wildfire in the West but rather, the blue fire of a distant star. I would love to attend a musical or listen to a symphony orchestra after having dinner with friends on a Friday or Saturday night (I took piano lessons as a child and have loved music ever since). To eat with friends is, in my opinion, one of the greatest pleasures that life can offer; I have never been one to resist a stimulating conversation and contagious laughter over a delicious meal. Furthermore, I have a passion and knack for writing poetry, which has been a hobby of mine since middle school, and in college, I do see myself still churning out poems, which I hope to offer to its literar y magazines. Perhaps that poem might be a Dante esque piece in terza rima, written one spring morning while sitting underneath a large oak or perhaps a free verse poem during an autumn evening†¦.O, the possibilities! While my pleasures are simple and could possibly belong to another century, I do find them quite satisfying, as I hope to find my college years†¦. A longing to learn a little of everything, two cups†¦the strength to succeed, one pound†¦a liking for laughter, a dash†¦a fondness for friends, three tablespoons†¦a penchant for poetry, a pinch†¦and a love of life, one quart†¦.With such ingredients, this â€Å"Recipe for Me† would give you a fun loving, hard working, liberal arts education seeking seventeen year old, a girl who certainly has a different blend of qualities to offer to Rice, a place that she would more than happily call her second home.

minorities in the military essays

minorities in the military essays In the year 1965, the United States sent troops to Vietnam to aid the South Vietnamese against the communist Viet Cong and the North Vietnamese. As the fighting increased, the United States was in need of more troops in order to support its commitment to South Vietnam. Therefore, thousands of Selective Service registers were called and drafted. The United States also asked its closes ally the Philippines to help send troops to South Vietnam and in addition this, the United states requested for an increase of recruitment for the United States Navy in the region. Thus, the U.S. enlisted thousands of Philippine natives, including myself. My involvement started in July of 1968, when I was flown to the United States beginning my military training in San Diego. Recalling the eight weeks of hard, intensive training, I still considered myself fortunate to be enlisted in the United States Navy. Although, when I did graduate boot camp, I cherished the prize of rest and recreation for 72 hours. My short-lived vacation began with a group of my fellow Filipino recruits. We decided to catch a bus to downtown San Diego. As we boarded the bus, I stopped in confusion when I noticed a sign with Black written at the back section of the bus. Looking for the driver for direction, I was informed by the driver that was no longer enforced. Even with him saying this, I still sat in the middle row since my skin color fell in between black and white. As we arrived downtown, I experience culture shock. The town was colorful and filled with live entertainment. Although, I did want to spend more time exploring the place, my vac ation time was up and I had to go back to the base. As our company gathered for the last day, we waited for our next order of job training. I was wondering why Filipino recruits and few African American were separated. Having the same order to attend SD A school (Steward), we are not aware tha...

The Native Warrior at the Battle of the Little Bighorn Research Paper

The Native Warrior at the Battle of the Little Bighorn - Research Paper Example You had to deal with the enemy and anyone from the east coast was considered an enemy. Our life in the northern plains was simple. What mattered to us most was our nomadic lifestyle which we cherished like any other person would cherish their culture. It meant a lot to us because everything we did was aimed at protecting our culture as well as our livelihood. The plains we lived in mattered the most to us and we saw this as home and any disturbance was seen as a threat to the survival of our culture as well as our people. It all began when our leaders, forced by the U.S administration of the time, agreed to the terms of a treaty which was meant to create a large reservation system. This meant that we were going to give up our nomadic life and culture as we were forced into reservation and boundaries that ensued meant that we could only operate from certain regions. This was because of the many conflicts that arose due to our culture and the interaction we were having with settlers and many of the rail road surveyors. As a warrior, I was used to the nomadic lifestyle and moving from this to a more stationary life was not something that was interesting to me. I, therefore, joined many of the other warriors and leader who rejected this treaty. There was no way we could be forced into the reservation system and wait on the government subsidies.... Tension began to grow in early 1875 when Custer came over into the already established reservation system. His aim was to map the area ad to locate a suitable place which was to be used in the construction of a military post. He also came to conduct an exploration of the natural resources in the area. Luckily for him, he stumbled upon gold deposits. Word went round about this and we all came to know about the gold deposits in our land. Immediately, a proposition was made by the US government of buying the land and this was rejected by the Lakota leaders. I remember tension growing in the Black hills as there were lots of people who had come as a result of the news about the gold.iv Things became even tougher when the commissioner of Indian affairs demanded that people return to the reservation system. This was rejected by many of the people. This is where our lives took a different turn. I came to realize later that the matter was forwarded to the army. As the US Calvary planned on a ttacking us, we were also planning on retaliatory attacks with our crude weapons. A group of over 1500 warriors was already stationed to counter the threat that was eminent from the US army. Many of our leaders had information concerning the plans that were underway of attacking us.v The aim of attacking us was to force us to return to the great Sioux Reservation. We were considered hostile and thus the army was seen as the only strategy that could be used to get us to cooperate. I learnt from others that about 879 men were being prepared most of who were the 7th cavalry. I was not worried and this is because of our great number which gave me hope and confidence that we would win any battle that could ensue. Our people moved to the plains in

Strategic Marketing & Planning Apple Case Study Essay

Strategic Marketing & Planning Apple Case Study - Essay Example A MOStek 6502 processor was used rather than Intel 8080 processor being used by competitors and TV was used for display. Additionally, it was sold at a lower price and in a demonstration held to showcase Apple 1, 25 units were ordered. More computers were ordered and by 1977, the company’s sales totaled US$774,000 (Di Muro, 2010, p. 2). The computer company has been introducing inventions over time which have seen it position it well to compete with other computer manufacturers such as Dell and Hewlett-Packard. It also competes with Sony, Microsoft, and Nokia. Apple Inc. hardly develops the new type of product but is mostly an expert in refining products developed by other manufacturers (Wooten, 2010, p.2). Presently, Apple Inc. is valued at about $170 billion and this financial performance is not the only indicator of its impressive performance. Apple enjoys a 9 percent market share of the computer market, 73 percent of MP3 player US market and 11% of the global smartphone market. Wooten (2010, p.2) reckons that Apple has been already to win awards as the best company in marketing, innovation, and marketing. This paper will be structured in two sections analyzing strategic marketing and planning adopted by the company. The first section will explore the purpose of the organization and the way such purpose has been developed as a product of the expectations of different stakeholders. Additionally, the paper will discuss strategies used by the organization in adding value and lastly, it will discuss the main issues faced by the company. The operations of Apple Inc. are of interest to many different stakeholders in the industries that it conducts business in. The main stakeholders include company customers buying different products, employees, competitors, shareholders, company managers, and employees.