NGOs and Domestic Violence against Women in Pakistan Essay Example for Free

NGOs and Domestic Violence against Women in Pakistan Essay To start with, non- governmental organizations assist in the collection and documentation of data regarding violence against women in Pakistan. Due to their passionate and active involvement in the whole issue of violence against women, these groups have been able to collect and document most of the information that is associated with this subject. Aspects such as the regional preference of violence against women are well documented. It is clearly indicated that women in rural areas of Pakistan are the most vulnerable group when it comes to violence against women. Due to reasons such as illiteracy and little exposure of the people in these regions, the males still respect the outdated behavior of male superiority and all that they do when the women are perceived to have made any mistake is to beat them up. Other practices that are still being carried out in the rural parts of Pakistan that are considered oppressive to women include the qasas, the hudood, karokari and early marriages of young girls to adult men (Kumar, 2005). Other crucial details that can be obtained from the records kept by these organizations are the type of violence that is common in Pakistan, the various bodies that are involved in the fight against violence against women, the success levels of the efforts and the effects of violence against women in Pakistan. Aurat Publication and Information Service Foundation was registered in 1986 and it stores information on the welfare of women in Pakistan. There is also the Applied Social Research organization that was established and registered in 1983 and Simorgh- Womens Resource and Publication Centre that are rich sources of information on women’s affairs including violence against women in Pakistan. Apart from the above, non- governmental organizations in Pakistan play another vital role of direct provision of skills that assist the women in attaining economic independency. Their philosophy in this is that an economically empowered woman will not run to her male companion now and then for assistance thus reducing chances of being subjected to violence. Hawwa Associates as a non-governmental organization has offered support to women involved in making handicrafts in Pakistan for a very long period (Asian Development Bank, n. d). The Adult Basic Education Society has been in existence since nineteen seventy two and has undertaken the training of girls in non- formal education as a major project. It has also carried out a multi-grade teaching training for Pakistani women in the Rawalpindi Division. This project ran from 1998 to 2001. The Association for Creation of Employment trained women on how to secure training and get employment in the year 1997. They were also given training on how to handle businesses and access micro-credit facilities for their businesses (Association for the Development of Pakistan). Behbud Association is another non-governmental organization that is deeply involved in the tackling of violence against women in Pakistan through female empowerment. Established in nineteen seventy, Behbud Association has carried out major projects such as the skills training of 1971 and the education project of 1971. All these projects were carried out in Karachi, the capital city of Pakistan and the main aim was to empower women with skills that are supposed to give them an economic edge. The Bunyad Literacy Community Council has also carried out major empowerment projects such as the women development project of 1998 and the empowerment for poverty alleviation project of 1999. Caritas was established in 1965 and registered in 1980. It opened handicraft centers for women in 1998 and developed an education program for working girls in the same year. It‘s area of operation is around Punjab in Lahore. Also, there is the De Laas Gul Welfare Program that was established in 1976 but got formal registration in 1988. With vocational training as its thematic area; it has a running tailoring training project for women. This tailoring project commenced in 1997. TheAga Khan Development Network has also participated in women empowerment through micro-finance (Aga Khan Development Network, n. d). The economic empowerment of women in Pakistan has led to the reduction of gender based violence albeit not to the desired levels. The provision of counseling services to victims of domestic violence in Pakistan has always been the concern of non-governmental organizations. Bedari was established in the year nineteen ninety two and deals mainly with the psychological health of women. Those caught up in the confusion of domestic violence always access counseling services from Bedari. It is obvious that victims of violence always end up suffering from trauma as well as other psychological disturbances that can only be dealt with through the provision of psychotherapy. Theater services are offered in villages by this organization with its objective of psychological health as its major theme. Behbud Association also handles women’s health issues and was able to deal with distress management and rehabilitation of the victims of violence back in 1971 (Daiya, 2002). The role of educating the public and making it aware of the concerns of women in Pakistan is also taken up by non governmental organizations. Issues such as domestic violence that leads to grave injuries of women and sometimes even death are always brought out to the public by non governmental organizations working in Pakistan. For reasons such as that of being perceived as being weak and ineffective by its own people and a watching world, the Pakistani government does not come out to inform the general public the state of violence against women in the country. And this is where the non-governmental organizations come in handy. Ways of understanding and combating violence against women are taught to the public and the state of abuse of women is disclosed. The All Pakistan Women’s Association established in nineteen forty nine and registered in nineteen sixty five carries out the crucial role of educating the public on women’s issues. It handles the moral, social and economic concerns of Pakistani women and the one of the ways by which it does this is by educating the public and raising awareness on matters pertaining to violence against women. Violence against women takes many forms such as sexual violence, economic violence, verbal violence that comes in form of verbal abuses as well as the common physical violence that leads to bodily harm of the victim. The All Pakistan Women’s Association avails this information to the public (Persona Blog, 2007, All Pakistan Women’s Association). Besides the above, non-governmental organizations in Pakistani protect the rights of women as a role in the whole issue of violence against women. They ensure that there is no discrimination of women in the country as far as the sharing of resources is concerned. The Mothers’ Trust and the National Research and Development Foundation are at the forefront in pushing forward the rights of women. Vocational training aimed at giving women a leap so as to catch up with their male counterparts is done by the Mothers’ Trust while the National Research and Development Foundation has handled the rights of women through projects such as the Ulema and Women’s Rights project of 1998. These non governmental organizations that are involved in the push for the preservation of the rights of women also go a head to ensure that government and private enterprises that do not recognize the rights of women as human rights are exposed and pressurized to grant women equal rights like their male counterparts. Thus informing women about their rights is not the only way through which these organizations push for the recognition of the rights of women. Through coordination and networking with other organizations and government agencies, they are able to ensure that females are given full protection by the law through enforcement of penalties that are meant for those who overstep the line and subject women and girls to violence of whatever form. Far from the above, non-governmental organizations in Pakistan perform the important role of assisting women in developing action plans for their activities. Most of these organizations are international and therefore possess lots of skilled manpower. This skilled manpower always comes in handy when the women of Pakistan are supposed to come up with comprehensive ways of dealing with the issues that affect them. Therefore the design and development of work plans, action agenda and execution strategies is done by the trained members of these organizations who go a head to train the local women on how to do these things on their own (Women Empowerment Literacy and Development Organization). The Sustainable Development Policy Institute that was established and registered in 1992 has assisted Pakistani women in coming up with action plans for a long time. The Bunyad Literacy Community Council has also undertaken training programs for women focusing on how to shape their agenda as they fight for their place in society in Pakistan (Sustainable Development Policy institute). Non-governmental organizations also play the role of lobbyists in the area of legislation. The driving motivation or interest is to have laws favoring women passed by the country’s legislative body which is the Pakistani parliament. They also lobby so that laws that condemn women are dropped from the establishment. The reduction in the powers of the country’s backward traditions is as a result of the hard work done by non-governmental organizations through their lobbying. Their lobbying activities are normally done by writing to the legislators, buying spaces and airtime for advertisements in the country’s print and electronic media and holding demonstrations when there are signs of a possible negative legislation. Leaving the above aside, non- governmental organizations in Pakistan play the role a catalyst in the encouragement of local women to participate in social processes that are geared towards the betterment of their lives. There is common understanding that there can be no meaningful change of any kind if the rural women are not involved in the whole activism process. The role of making the grassroots women active in matters pertaining to opposition to violence meted out on women is therefore the work of non-governmental organizations and community based organizations in Pakistan. Through activities such as the theater programs as well as the training activities carried out by organizations such as the Mothers’ Trust, Pakistani women are mobilized and energized and this makes it easy for them to receive the targeted or intended information that is geared towards making them change their behavior so as to reduce chances of being caught up in the mess of gender based violence. This mobilization is also vital when it comes to areas where their numbers are needed to push for a particular agenda. For example if a certain piece of legislation is supposed to be passed and its impact on the lives of women will be devastating, the huge numbers of mobilized women will come out and effectively shut down the legislation by putting pressure on the legislators. If the law is beneficial to women and it is threatened with being shot down, the huge numbers of mobilized women can also come out and pressure the law makers into enacting the law. This mobilization works to the best advantage of the women (Farman). Another equally important role that is performed by non-governmental organizations in Pakistan as far as violence against women is concerned is that they act as safe havens for abused women. It is not surprising that some of the non governmental organizations operating in Pakistan run homes and centers where women and girls who are abused are given temporary hosing or accommodation till conditions that they are running away from are changed. In these homes or centers, the women and girls are provided with food, clothing, shelter as well as education. They are also provided with health facilities. It is not uncommon to find schools and hospitals within these centers or homes meant for the rescued victims (Behbud Association, n. d). Also, the world has come to understand the position of women in Pakistan not through the efforts of the government of Pakistan but through the loud cries of the non governmental organizations that are handling women’s issues in Pakistan (NGO NET portal on women and children’s human rights, 2008). Since the government is always ashamed of the poor state of women’s rights, they shut down any attempt to tell the world what is going on inside Pakistan as far as women’s issues are concerned. The non-governmental organizations, especially the international ones that are based in other countries such as Britain and the United States of America serve as informers to the rest of the world concerning the state of affairs of women in Pakistan. It is possible that without these non-governmental organizations within Pakistan, the world will be unable to know what the Pakistani woman is going through (Shaheen, 2002). In addition to the above, the non-governmental organizations serve as points of direct employment for victims of violence. Most of the women and girls who are rescued from abusive relationships within the Pakistani society undergo a period of treatment so as to clear trauma. After this treatment, they are given some duties within these organizations so that they are able to earn a wage which they use to meet their needs. In addition to teaching them some bit of responsibility and earning them a living, these people assist the organizations in doing some of the duties that they are supposed to do without spending so much (Association of business professional and agricultural women Pakistan). Moving away from the above, the non-governmental organizations in Pakistan also play the role of a vigorous campaigner as far as violence against women is concerned. Apart from the areas of education and creating awareness, the non-governmental organizations campaign with a lot of energy against this form of violence which reduces women to sub humans. They reach out to remote villages with clear messages on why men should treat their women and girls with dignity and respect as opposed to disrespect and abuse. The greater part of the campaign against violence that is directed towards women is carried out by these organizations with the Pakistani government only playing a facilitating role. The messages that are given out through the print and electronic media, the conferences, workshops, and seminars on the protection of the rights of women and girls are sponsored by non governmental organizations working within the boundaries of Pakistan (Khan, 2008). As a result of their duplicated roles and sometimes lack of transparency as well as political interference, the non-governmental organizations have also created confusion in Pakistan in the field of violence against women. This has led to the divergence from the key message and the failure to achieve the set goal of total freedom for the Pakistani woman. This is an unfortunate role that some of the non-governmental organizations working in Pakistan have found themselves playing (Raza Ghauri, 2005, Chetia, 2007). In conclusion, it is clear the non-governmental organizations in Pakistan play numerous roles as far violence against women is concerned. They act as sources of data on this crucial subject, equip abused women with skills as a way of empowering them, they offer counseling services for the victims of violence, they educate the public, and assist women in coming up with action plans. They also assist in legislation through lobbying; mobilize women at the grassroots, act as safe haven for victims of violence, act as the eyes of the world, offer direct employment to women and act as campaigners against this vice. They also play the negative role of creators of confusion in the fight against violence against women due to political intervention, corruption and role duplication. References: Aga Khan Development Network, (n. d), AKDN in Pakistan. Retrieved on the 30th December, 2008 from: http://www. akdn. org/pakistan Asian Development Bank, (n. d): Gender and Development: Training Program for Women Artisans HAWWA Associates. Retrieved on the 30th December, 2008 from: http://www. adb. org/gender/working/pak003. asp Association for the Development of Pakistan. Retrieved on the 30th December, 2008 from: http://forums. developpakistan. org/viewtopic. php? p=1370sid=3c1089e69fe80705b96ea4c05cd43ccc Association of business professional and agricultural women Pakistan: Voluntary Social Welfare Agencies. Retrieved on the 30th December, 2008 from: http://www. abpaw. cjb. net/ Behbud Association, (n. d); Karachi Family Health Centers. Retrieved on the 30th December, 2008 from: http://xiber. com/behbud/health. htm Chetia, N. , (2007); Pakistani Women in Politics. Retrieved on the 30th December, 2008 from: http://www.iknowpolitics. org/node/1900 Daiya, K. , (2002): Honourable Resolutions: Gendered Violence, Ethnicity, and the Nation. Alternatives Journal: Global, Local, Political, Vol. 27, 2002 Khan, A. N. , (2008); Peace, Justice, Democracy: Country Report: Pakistan. Retrieved on the 30th December, 2008 from: http://groups. google. co. ke/group/peace-justice-democracy/browse_thread/thread/a33dc1bedb152c18? hl=enie=UTF-8q=roles+of+NGOs+in+pakistan+on+violence+against+women#e020275ebdbf7d8c Kumar, M. , (2005); The Hidden Conflict: False Optimism and Silent Strategy in Kashmir. Harvard International Review Journal, Vol. 26 NGO NET portal on women and children’s human rights, (2008). Retrieved on the 30th December, 2008 from: http://www. netbaz. org/ Persona Blog, (2007): Role of women rights organizations in Pakistan. Retrieved on the 30th December, 2008 from: http://spot. bz/blogs/fun2shhspotbz/2008/05/07/role-of-women-rights-organization-in-pakistan/ Raza, S. Ghauri, I. , (2005); Feudalism, tribalism engendering bias Musharraf lambastes NGOs for ‘demonizing’ Pakistan. Retrieved on the 30th December, 2008 from: http://forum. atimes. com/topic.asp? TOPIC_ID=3609 Shaheen, (2002); Insufficient Protection of Women: Amnesty Report on Pakistan. Retrieved on the 30th December, 2008 from: http://groups. google. co. ke/group/soc. culture. pakistan/browse_thread/thread/afdb81b2097e893a? hl=enie=UTF-8q=women%27s+NGOs+in+pakistan#df815d5af7e911d1 Sustainable Development Policy institute: Know your rights. Retrieved on the 30th December, 2008 from: http://www. sdpi. org/know_your_rights/ngo. htm#allpak Women Empowerment Literacy and Development Organization. Retrieved on the 30th December, 2008 from: http://www. weldo. org/

Karl Marx’s Views on Family Ethics Essay -- Karl Marx Communist Manife

Karl Marx’s Views on Family Ethics Karl Marx and Frederick Engels Karl Marx devoted much of his time to the study of morality, better known as ethics. Karl Marx was a firm believer in Communism and he authored the Communist Manifesto, along with Frederick Engels. Family ethics is an issue dealt with by Karl Marx in his teachings and writings. According to Marx and his co-author, Engels, morality is the slave of interest. Moral codes and ethics are believed to be dependent on the person and relative to the social setting.[1] Ethics are discussed on a philosophical level and also in everyday controversial topic discussions or debates. Marx was a huge supporter of freedom and believed that freedom was a result of the Communist party and its beliefs. Karl Marx had little faith in the future of Capitalism and the system of Monarchy, and he believed that once these two ideas of politics were eliminated, Communism would move in and replace the wrong thoughts instilled with Capitalism and Monarchy, and provide the world with sense and reason. Stating his feelings clearly in the Communist Manifesto, Karl Marx noted that the selling point in the economy should be the people themselves, not the working labor, money, or rent from the property.[2] To supplement these theories, Marx proposes an end to the problem of men and their activities, which is to direct men’s attention on the economy so that there could be prevailing freedom. There are some discrepancies in Marx’s theories, like the question of what else has an impact on freedom. There are other issues, but the issue remains that peo ple are unaware if freedom ethics applies to all people and how it affects the modern society. ... ...roposal for the world and Communism was too far-fetched and would not work. Every time there has been a push towards Communism, it has always failed. There have been several unsuccessful attempts, all ending in a problematic dictatorship. While he did realize freedom was a major issue, he lacked in knowledge that family life was also significant. Notes [1] Kamenka, Eugene. Marxism and Ethics. New York: W.D. Hudson, 1969 - Pg. 4. [2] Kamenka, Eugene. Pg. 13. [3] Heyer, Paul. Nature, Human Nature, and Society. Greenwood Press, 1982 – Pg.126. [4] Heyer, Paul. Pg. 125. [5] Heyer, Paul. Pg. 127 [6] Kamenka, Eugene. Pg. 26. [7] Kamenka, Eugene. Pg. 49. [8] Kamenka, Eugene. Pg. 51. [9] Koren, Henry. Marx and the Authentic Man. Pittsburgh, PA, 1967 – Pg. 33. [10] Koren, Henry. Pg. 67. [11] Koren, Henry. Pg. 68.

Reverend Henry Ward Essay

Reverend Henry Ward is best known for changing the Jamaican school system. Up until Reverend Henry Ward got involved with the government to change it, the system was a flawed, failing system, with hundreds, if not thousands of children unable to get educated because of the lack of facilities. Although churches and infant centres tried their best to cater for as many children as possible, there was simply too much demand. That was until Reverend Henry Ward got involved in the schooling system. In 1938, Reverend Henry Ward started researching primary education for young children and began to campaign for children in Jamaica. The campaign was a hard task to take on, as there very little education services back then, and not a lot of money was put aside by the government to place into building and creating schools and education centres. In 1938, after alerting the government of the desperate need for primary schools, Reverend Henry Ward developed a number of community schools that later became known as â€Å"basic schools†. He then went on to create schools in areas that needed critical help. He once said in an interview that he created a school for 3-6 year olds after seeing them unprotected, running about the streets unattended. In 1941, Reverend Henry Ward held a presentation to the Jamaican Board of Education calling for the creation of ‘play centres’. These centres were to include play stories, action songs, lessons on pets, the caring of a garden, the teaching of reading, writing, numeracy, craft and handy work. This was dropped by the government, sadly, although they did then create more â€Å"basic schools† in Ward’s name. Without Reverend Henry Ward fighting every step of the way for basic, primary education, Jamaican schools would still now be very far and few between.

The Financial Crisis Of 2007 - 1646 Words

The most recent financial crisis of 2007 was felt throughout the world, and brought about huge economic consequences that are still being felt to this day. Within the United States, the crisis undoubtedly resulted in a surge in poverty and unemployment, a significant drop in consumption, and the loss of trust in the capitalist economic system. Because of globalization, this crisis was felt through the intertwined global markets, affecting underdeveloped countries even more. Historical events from the past have taught us that financial crises such as the one we suffered during 2007 have occurred a vast number of times. From Mexico to Thailand, these financial crises have resulted in contagion worldwide, and have caused governments to†¦show more content†¦Banks would lend money to these prospective home buyers without checking the amount of incoming and concurrent assets that they owned in order to see if they would be able to repay the loan. These loans were then pooled and sold off to government financial institutions such as Fannie Mae and Freddy Mac. Slowly, the homeowners were unable to repay their loans, which forced them to either sell their homes at a lower price or foreclose, between September 2008 and September 2012 alone, 3.8 million U.S. property owners lost their homes (Balaam, 196). This severely increased the mortgage loss rates for both lenders and investors; it became known as the subprime mortgage crisis. Eventually, government financial institutions whom had bought these pooled mortgages filed for bankruptcy soon after, which had a chain-effect reaction throughout the entire economic system both in the U.S. and around the world. Thus, it created what is now known as the most recent financial crisis. The U.S. government immediately issued emergency loans and tried to increase the money supply, they extended these emergency loans to over 700 banks in order to incentivize home, student, auto, and small business loans (Balaam, 19 4). By the end of 2008 the stock market in the United States and Europe had suffered loses of over 40%; losses that until recently have recovered (Balaam, 194). The economic crisis resurged feelings of loss and insecurities that were to some

I Am Satisfied With No Fan Fare - 1049 Words

situation. During my retail management phase, I used a combination of empathy, understanding, fair play and firmness. However, my goal is not to be a leader. My goal is to use skills that will help me reach my next milestone. Consequently, I am satisfied with performing in the background with no fan fare. The main course concept project for Applied Project in Neurorehabilitation course was writing a grant. Grant writing is the process that refers to completing an application for funding provide by an organization. A government department, public or private provides the funding organization. This process is referred to grant as a proposal or submission. This process involves understanding the grant proposal submission. Completing a grant†¦show more content†¦The group divides the project tasks and every week the assigned task deadline was not met, this situation was very stressful. However, after several weeks I realize the professor had outlined the task process that show who was committed to the project and who was following through. This alleviates some of the stress that forces me to understand that all the collaboration technique in the world will not work if all parties are not committed. The purpose of the grant proposal assignment was to give the students an introducti on into grant writing. Individuals can write a grant to get necessary tools, supplies, software, and hardware for many different purposes. The parameters placed upon this grant writing experience was based on an assumption that everyone in the class needed and will use this skill. There were people in the class who stated they never plan on using this grant skill. I reviewed the syllabus and though the same. However, it was helpful to gain experience in writing a grant. I discovered by chance information addressing grants partially and total Physician Assistant funding, which I can use to further my education. During my research opens my eyes to a large number of possibilities with continuing my education without the burden of loans. Learning the grant writing process allow me to work on being more sociable, focus on trusting my group, becoming enlightened on working with two different personalities with different

Should Marijuana Be Legalized - 1405 Words

Abstract: The legalization of marijuana in the United States is on an upward trend, although, there is much uncertainty if and when we will see National legalization. Legalizing marijuana will have a positive effect on crime, politics, the economy, and provide many health benefits. The negative effects of marijuana being classified as a schedule 1 controlled substance are numerous, including racial profiling and users being labeled as deviant. One of those most prolific findings is that in states where marijuana is legal, there is a marked decrease in alcohol use and a decrease in all the negative behaviors associated with its use. Introduction: I decided to do my research paper on the legalization of marijuana for recreational and medical use. Marijuana is one of the most commonly used recreational drugs in the U.S. and according to polls, 51% of Americans believe it should be decriminalized (Barcott, 2015). There is much political debate over whether or not marijuana should be legalized for medicinal purposes and many states within the U.S. have taken it upon themselves to put forth legislation that makes medical marijuana legal at the state and local level, yet it is still illegal at the federal level. Some states have even decriminalized marijuana for recreational use. The legalization of marijuana in the United States would give much needed access to a medication that is needed for a multitude of ailments , drastically reduce crime and help generate tax revenue toShow MoreRelatedShould Marijuana Be Legalized?849 Words   |  4 Pageswhether marijuana should be legalized. Around 23 states have legalized marijuana for me dical and recreational use. In the state of Illinois, medicinal use of marijuana has been passed on April 17, 2013. Since January 2014, patients are able to obtain marijuana with a doctor s recommendation. The new debate is whether marijuana should be legalized for the general public as a recreational drug. Although some believe that marijuana is harmless, and that it has beneficial medicinal uses, marijuana shouldRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1715 Words   |  7 PagesMarijuana in Society Cannabis, formally known as marijuana is a drug obtained from the tops, stems and leaves of the hemp plant cannabis. The drug is one of the most commonly used drugs in the world. Only substances like caffeine, nicotine and alcohol are used more (â€Å"Marijuana† 1). In the U. S. where some use it to feel â€Å"high† or get an escape from reality. The drug is referred to in many ways; weed, grass, pot, and or reefer are some common names used to describe the drug (â€Å"Marijuana† 1). Like mostRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1489 Words   |  6 Pagescannabis plant or marijuana is intended for use of a psychoactive drug or medicine. It is used for recreational or medical uses. In some religions, marijuana is predominantly used for spiritual purposes. Cannabis is indigenous to central and south Asia. Cannabis has been scientifically proven that you can not die from smoking marijuana. Marijuana should be legalized to help people with medical benefits, econo mic benefits, and criminal benefits. In eight states, marijuana was legalized for recreationalRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1245 Words   |  5 PagesMarijuana is a highly debatable topic that is rapidly gaining attention in society today.   Legalizing marijuana can benefit the economy of this nation through the creation of jobs, increased tax revenue, and a decrease in taxpayer money spent on law enforcement.   Ã‚  Many people would outlaw alcohol, cigarettes, fast food, gambling, and tanning beds because of the harmful effects they have on members of a society, but this is the United States of America; the land of the free and we should give peopleRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1010 Words   |  5 PagesThe legalization of marijuana became a heated political subject in the last few years. Twenty-one states in America have legalized medical marijuana. Colorado and Washington are the only states where marijuana can be purchased recreationally. Marijuana is the high THC level part of the cannabis plant, which gives users the â€Å"high† feeling. There is ample evidence that supports the argument that marijuana is beneficial. The government should legalize marijuana recreationally for three main reasonsRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1231 Words   |  5 Pagesshows the positive benefits of marijuana, it remains illegal under federal law. In recent years, numerous states have defied federal law and legalized marijuana for both recreational and medicinal use. Arizona has legalized marijuana for medical use, but it still remains illegal to use recreationally. This is absurd, as the evidence gathered over the last few decades strongly supports the notion that it is safer than alcohol, a widely available substance. Marijuana being listed as a Schedule I drugRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1350 Words   |  6 Pagespolitics in the past decade would have to be the legalization of marijuana. The sale and production of marijuana have been legalized for medicinal uses in over twenty states and has been legalized for recreational uses in seven states. Despite the ongoing support for marijuana, it has yet to be fully legalized in the federal level due to cultural bias against â€Å"pot† smoking and the focus over its negative effects. However, legalizing marijuana has been proven to decrease the rate of incrimination in AmericaRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1145 Words   |  5 PagesLegalizing Marijuana Marijuana is a drug that has been actively used for centuries. This drug can be traced back to 2737 BC by the Chinese emperor Shen Nung. He spoke about the euphoric effects of Cannabis and even referred to it as the â€Å"Liberator of Sin.† Since early on, marijuana was seen as a medicinal plant that was recommended for medical uses. Marijuana is currently in schedule I, which means that physicians are not allowed to prescribe it in the United States (Hart, Ksir 2013). This drugRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?997 Words   |  4 PagesLegalize It: The Benefits of Legalizing Marijuana Should marijuana be legalized? Many Americans have been asked this question or have heard some type of news about the issue. Marijuana is commonly known as cannabis which refers to the dried up hemp plant cannabis sativa, even though marijuana is a plant and has no chemical additives it has been a tropic of controversy for many years but nowadays it is in the spotlight more than ever. For centuries, marijuana has been used by people throughout theRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized? Essay1457 Words   |  6 PagesSHOULD MARIJUANA BE LEGALIZED? Marijuana is a drug that has sparked much controversy over the past decade as to whether or not it should be legalized. People once thought of marijuana as a bad, mind-altering drug which changes a person’s personality which can lead to crime and violence through selling and buying it. In the past, the majority of citizens believed that marijuana is a harmful drug that should be kept off the market and out of the hands of the public. However, a recent study conducted

Lawyers - Ethics and to Kill a mockingbird- MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Is the figure of Atticus Finch in To Kill a Mockingbird better understood as representing an ideal for liberal lawyers or a slick hired gun willing to accommodate the prejudices of the world he inhabits? Answer: Lawyers are widely considered to be self-serving, devious, callous and to some extent indifferent to truth, public good and also justice, A lawyers profession often calls for a hero and Atticus Finch (played by Gregory Peck), the protagonist of Harper Lees to Kill a Mockingbird is often cited as one such example. The way in which Flinch represented an innocent African-American man Tom Robinson (played by Brock Peters) who was accused of rape by a white Southern woman Mayella Violet Ewell ( played by Collin Wilcox), in the Depression-era in Alabama during the 1930s tends to represent the consummate portrayal of the way in which a lawyer performs his ethical duty. The plot of the film is very akin to the real prosecution of Black defendants in the celebrated case of Scottsboro Boys, otherwise known as Powell v. Alabama, and again in Norris v Alabama. Here an all-white jury convicted young black males of raping who young white women. In the film, very, unfortunately, young Robinson, the beautifully scripted dialogues of Finch along with his closing arguments failed to pursue the jury who turned in the innocent man because he expressed pity for Mayella Ewell, his accuser. There have been numerous debates regarding the suitability of Atticus as a role model. Lecturer Monroe Freedman has argued that Atticus should not be considered as a role model as much as both the novel and the movie have tried to make him, despite being a counsel for an unpopular defendant. He always hoped to get through his life without a case of such complexity (p.98). He made excuses for the leader of the Lynch mob by stating that he is basically a good man and his actions may be justified "just has his blind spots along with the rest of us" (p. 173) pointing towards the fact that he may be categorized as an individual who was too willing to accommodate the prejudices of the world where he inhabited. However, others like Thomas Shaffer have argued in Atticus favor by stating that Atticus has portrayed that it is the presence of character, rather than professional ethics that is what is essentially valued in professional ethics. It is undeniable that Atticus had character. When we say that a person has good character, we do not necessarily mean that said a person only believes in the discernable moral principles and makes better judgments solely based on those principles. That he is a good character is also very closely related to who the person is and also to their good decisions. When appointed to defend Robinson, Atticus Finch, gets serious with his job despite exposing himself as well as his children to the taunts, slurs and disapproval of the neighbors. During the trial, Atticus clearly proves that Robinson could in no way have had raped Mayella because the evidence pointed to the deed having been done by someone who was left handed with two arms whereas Robinson clearly didnt fit the bill as he had lost the use of his left arm in a cotton-gin accident. Nevertheless, Robinson gets convicted, and neither does the verdict against him surprise Atticus. He states that Racism, that is Maycombs Common disease: made this a foregone conclusion in the first place. Shortly after this, Tom is shot while climbing the prison fence. Tom death, while completing the story of the innocent black man who was falsely accused, wrongly convicted and mercilessly killed. Atticus character speaks neither of racial hatred nor or prejudice, two aspects that were very deeply be imbibed he sentiments of the ordinary people of the society of Alabama in the 1930s. Contrary to the general feelings as portrayed by the town, Atticus chooses to look in to the depths of a persons character as opposed to judging them by their skin color. At the very beginning, he tells Scout that it is never possible to understand another individual unless things are considered from their point of view. That he went against most of his family members, neighbors and community members to stand up for what he believed. When questioned by his children about his choice to defend Robinson despite the very slim chances of winning, Atticus said that had he done otherwise he would no longer believe in himself. Atticus Finch is clearly portrayed as a character of stability in an unbalanced society. He is balanced to a degree that he has the power to cope up with the highly emotional as well as unreasonable people surrounding him. He among the prejudices of the white populace but still tried to bring justice to the underprivileged black population of Maycomb. He chose to defend Robinson for fairness and equality that is reflected in his closing speech of There isone placeall men are created equal, that place is in a court (p 205). It shows that Atticus as an individual believed not only in social equality but also in race, sex, class as well as religion. His staunch beliefs are the reflection of his personal psychological stability. His morals are amalgamated with his sense of self-respect and thus, he knows that unless he does what is believed by him is right; he will lose his moral authority over other around him. He only cares about his individual judgement of himself and staunchly accept s the open criticisms of his community members, the disrespect of his children and the repercussions of being voted out of the legislations. The paradigm of a clinical trial as well as a legal process lies at the centre of the narrative. The formal mechanisms of law are up to the task it entrails. The story shows how the busy lives and staunch belief in racism diverts the ordinary people from the essential functions under the law. However, these diversions are far from being encompassed as hindrances for the principal authorized agents, namely the sheriff, the trial judge and Atticus himself. In the narrative, fatally enough, Tom takes matters into his hands, being impatient about Atticus chances of winning the appeal. However Atticus methodological practitioners expertise does not distort his ideas of a radical reformation, rather it allows him to see clearly that Toms case is very ordinary. The story shows that if the jurors basically provided the Black individuals the equality they deserved, the innocents, like Robinson would not remain scapegoats in trials. His son, Jem who was wounded by the injustice of the trial in sisted upon the need for radical reforms, but Atticus quite patiently rebuts citing his practical justifications that came with his years of experience practicing law. Atticus could not avoid condensations, even when faced with young Jens wounded sense of adolescent idealism. When Jen pointed out that the jury system should be abolished, Atticus quite clearly barbed out that it was the inherent sense of racism that was at fault and not the jury system in totality. Atticus is somewhat condescending when he portrays the idea of women in the jury as laughable as in his mind they would disrupt the proceedings rather than bring about any sense of justice that rather goes against is a sense of equality that he had been trying to portray so far. However, the issue that Atticus sees is not the exclusion of women from the juries but the fact that educated civilians refused to take up their civic responsibilities seriously. Atticus recognized that here business is the victim in a narrower and fundamental sense that empathetically would not include himself. He stated that in different conditions someone virtuous as well as bourgeois like the employer of Tom Robinson would not be afraid of servicing on the jury in this case. They would not then consider that in doing their duty to save an innocent mans life, they would end up losing customers. In this scenario, the anonymity of the jurys vote also does not prove to be enough. Atticus says that when a pers on serves on a jury, after that it forces him to make up his mind and declare himself openly. Most often than not, people refuse to do this because it van end up being very unpleasant. In toms case, as Atticus pointed out, business and trade posed to be the biggest issues that went against him, other than the fact that Tom was black. Upright individuals neglect to stand together with experienced legal professionals like Atticus, against the subversion of law's certain certification of equality. The act of law, apparently because that it is a calling and not only a business, uncovers to Atticus both the fundamental substance of the law, equality, and its fundamental procedural righteousness, tolerance. What the law needs is for its appropriate operators in the general people, illuminated male urbanites, to have civic virtue as much as Atticus, the perfect legal advisor. The centerpiece of the film and the book is Tom Robinson's trial. Our first prologue to the real members for the situation happens when Atticus' children surge down to the courthouse and, remain on one another's shoulders so they can see and identify with us the arraignment going ahead inside. Everything about the trial has resonances of a "primal scene" in its perplexity of sexuality and viciousness, in the scandalized grown-ups, and especially in the way that kids are banned from the procedures. Jem and Scout are available at the trial on account of the generosity of an elderly black priest who gives them a chance to sit with him in the place saved for blacks. Despite the fact that it is recognized that the dark skinned litigant can't win for a situation that relies on upon his oath against a white woman's, Atticus is capable through round of questioning to set up that Mayella was beaten by somebody who was left-handed, along with the fact that that her dad Bob Ewell was left-handed, and that, as both principals affirm, Tom Robinson was in her home when her dad discovered them together. In regular protection used in rape cases, she said he assaulted her, he says she assaulted him. Atticus' summation to the jury builds up his position on social equality, as well as principally on the law "Now gentlemen, in this country our courts are the great levelers, and in our courts all men are created equal. I'm no idealist to believe firmly in the integrity of our courts and of the jury systemthat's no idea to me that is a living, working reality." Thus, it may be concluded that In Atticus system, the law does not stand to be castrating oppressive nor does humanity depend upon individual weaknesses. Rather than envisioning the aspect of the law to be harsh as well as ubiquitous, in the given vision, the law that was exercised by the father (of a white woman) proved to be a tool of accomplishing justice. It is in this aspect that Fundamentally Atticus becomes a liberal lawyer. For him, if the justice can get accomplishes through the deliverables of the law lies somewhere in the distant future then he was ok with it. He knows the faults of the legal system; however, he still upholds the fact that law should be maintained to safeguard against sexuality, darkness and impulses. However, Atticus was neither a revolutionary nor a drastic man. But he was just. Despite knowing the norms of the society and the way of the world, he fought for what is right despite knowing that his chances to truly bring Tom Robinson justice were extremely slender. References Atkinson R, "Liberating Lawyers: Divergent Parallels In "Intruder In The Dust" And "To Kill A Mockingbird"" (1999) 49 Duke Law Journal Dare T, "Lawyers, Ethics, And To Kill A Mockingbird" (2001) 25 Philosophy and Literature Lawrence A,Echo And Narcissus: Women's Voices In Classical Hollywood Cinema(University of California Press 1991) Lee H,To Kill A Mockingbird(Lippincott 1960)